A South African perspective on the 2023 IPBES Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their control
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and sustainable development. A global assessment of biological invasions released in 2023 by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), concluded that while invasions ‘…cause dramatic and, in some cases, irreversible changes…’ they can be ‘…overcome through a context-specific integrated governance approach’.
Aim: Here we evaluate insights from the IPBES assessment in the context of South Africa and explore how these insights could inform the development of a national policy and strategy to address biological invasions.
Results: Trends and status of biological invasions in South Africa are similar to those seen globally, but there are some distinct local nuances. South Africa has: 1) a long history of invasions with negative impacts caused especially by invasive trees and freshwater fishes, whilst invasive marine invertebrates have transformed large parts of the coastline; 2) a long history of control (biological control was first implemented in 1913) with large-scale, state-run invasive species management programmes currently in place; 3) a comprehensive regulatory system (e.g., there is provision for beneficial invasive species to be used under permits); 4) relatively high levels of awareness and engagement (at least among some stakeholder groups); and 5) a well-connected community of practice.
Discussion: Efforts to limit introductions (intentional or unintentional) are difficult given South Africa’s extensive and porous borders and the pressing need to increase trade and travel. Regulatory and implementation efforts aimed at prevention are improving, with the newly established Border Management Authority aiming to integrate biosecurity interventions at ports of entry. Such integrated governance is, we argue, needed more broadly if affected sectors, society groups and stakeholders are to be effectively included in decision-making and management. A more systematic flow of information from observation to action is essential, as is better feedback between research, policy and implementation at all scales. Biological invasions will continue to pose threats, but many of these can be effectively mitigated through focussed interventions. Co-ordinating such interventions in the context of other cross-cutting global change challenges and initiatives is a cost-effective way of protecting and improving livelihoods, human health, quality of life and biodiversity.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abrahams, B., Sitas, N. & Esler, K.J., 2019, ‘Exploring the dynamics of research collaborations by mapping social networks in invasion science’, Journal of Environmental Management, 229, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.051.
Angelstam, P., Barnes, G., Elbakidze, M., Marais, C., Marsh, A., Polonsky, S., Richardson, D.M., Rivers, N., Shackleton, N.T. & Stafford, W., 2017, ‘Collaborative learning to unlock investments for functional ecological infrastructure: Bridging barriers in social-ecological systems in South Africa’, Ecosystem Services, 27, 291–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.04.012.
Bellard, C., Leroy, B., Thuiller, W., Rysman, J.F. & Courchamp, F., 2016, ‘Major drivers of invasion risks throughout the world’, Ecosphere, 7, e01241, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1241.
Bester, M.N., Bloomer, J.P., Van Aarde, R.J., Erasmus, B.H., Van Rensburg, P.J.J., Skinner, J.D., Howell, P.G. & Naude, T.W., 2002, ‘A review of the successful eradication of feral cats from sub-Antarctic Marion Island, Southern Indian Ocean’, South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 32, 65–73, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC117137.
Bond, W.J., Stevens, N., Midgley, G.F. & Lehmann, C.E.R., 2019, ‘The trouble with trees: afforestation plans for Africa’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34, 963–965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003.
Byrne, M.J., Davies, S.J., du Plessis, D., Ivey, P.J., Measey, J., Robertson, M.P., Robinson, T.B. & Weaver, K.N., 2020, ‘Education, training and capacity building in the field of biological invasions in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_25.
Canavan, K., Paterson, I.D., Ivey, P., Sutton, G.F. & Hill, M.P., 2021, ‘Prioritisation of targets for weed biological control III: a tool to identify the next targets for biological control in South Africa and set priorities for resource allocation’, Biocontrol Science and Technology, 31, 584–601, https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2021.1918638.
CBD. 2023. The Biodiversity Plan for Life on Earth: Target 6, viewed 11 June 2024, from https://www.cbd.int/gbf/targets/6.
Cheek, M.D., Wilson, J.R.U., Richardson, D.M. & Procheş, Ş., 2022, ‘The status of arboreta in South Africa and the taxa they contain’, Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, 84, 174–191, https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2022.2102453.
Coetzee, J.A., Bownes, A., Martin, G.D., Miller, B.E., Smith, R., Weyl, P.S.R. & Hill, M.P., 2021, ‘A review of the biocontrol programmes against aquatic weeds in South Africa’, African Entomology, 29, 935–964, https://doi.org/
4001/003.029.0935.
Coka, N., Thondhlana, G. & Ruwanza, S., 2024, ‘Perceptions of Acacia dealbata invasion and clearing in upper Tsitsana villages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa’, Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 33, 101–117, https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2024.2304172.
Cronin, K., Kaplan, H., Gaertner, M., Irlich, U. & Hoffman, M.T., 2017, ‘Aliens in the nursery: assessing the attitudes of nursery managers to invasive species regulations’, Biological Invasions, 19, 925–937, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1363-3.
Davies, S.J., Bell, J.A., Impson, D., Mabin, C., Meyer, M., Rhoda, C., Stafford, L., Stephens, K., Tafeni, M., Turner, A.A., Van Wilgen, N.J., Wilson, J.R.U., Wood, J. & Measey, J., 2020a, ‘Coordinating invasive alien species management in a biodiversity hotspot: The CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 50, a10, https://doi.org/10.38201/btha.abc.v50.i1.10.
Davies, S.J., Jordaan, M.S., Karsten, M., Terblanche, J.S., Turner, A.A., Van Wilgen, N.J., Veldtman, R., Zengeya, T.A. & Measey, J., 2020b, ‘Experience and lessons from alien and invasive animal control projects in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_22.
De Villiers, M.S. & Cooper, J., 2008, ‘Conservation and management’, in S.L. Chown & P.W. Froneman (eds), The Prince Edward Islands: Land-Sea Interactions in a Changing Ecosystem, SUN PReSS, Stellenbosch, https://scispace.com/pdf/the-prince-edward-islands-land-sea-interactions-in-a-3bo79aqkmx.pdf.
De Wit, M.P., Crookes, D.J., Blignaut, J.N., De Beer, Z.W., Paap, T., Roets, F., Van der Merwe, C., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, D.M., 2022, ‘An assessment of the potential economic impacts of the invasive polyphagous shot hole borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa’, Journal of Economic Entomology, 115, 1076–1086, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac061.
De Wit, M.P., Crookes, D.J. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2001, ‘Conflicts of interest in environmental management: estimating the costs and benefits of a tree invasion’, Biological Invasions, 3, 167–178, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014563702261.
Dechoum, M.S., Junqueira, A.d.O.R., Orsi, M.L., Ziller, S.R., Pivello, V.R., Zenni, R.D., Thomaz, S.M., Fonseca, A.C., Vitule, J.R.S., Barros, F., Ivanauskas, N.M., Creed, J., Brito, M.F.G., Bergallo, H.G., Rocha, R.M. & Galheigo, F.A., 2024, ‘Open-access thematic assessment report on invasive alien species in Brazil: summary for policymakers’, Biota Neotropica, 24, e20241645, https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2024-1645.
Department of Environmental Affairs, 2010, Department of Environmental Affairs Directorate: Antarctica and Islands. Prince Edward Islands Management Plan Version 0.2, pp. 202, https://www.dffe.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/strategy.framework/oceans/princeedward_islands_managementplan.pdf.
Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, 2023, ‘White Paper on the conservation and sustainable use of South Africa’s biodiversity’, Government Gazette, notice 3537 of 2023, no. 48785, 14 June 2023, 3–43.
Early, R., Bradley, B.A., Dukes, J.S., Lawler, J.J., Olden, J.D., Blumenthal, D.M., Gonzalez, P., Grosholz, E.D., Ibañez, I., Miller, L.P., Sorte, C.J.B & Tatem, A.J., 2016, ‘Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities’, Nature Communications, 7, 9, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12485.
Faulkner, K.T., 2023, ‘Chapter 1: Pathways’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Faulkner, K.T., Burness, A., Byrne, M., Kumschick, S., Peters, K., Robertson, M.P., Saccagii, D.L., Weyl, O.L.F. & Williams, V.L., 2020a, ‘South Africa’s pathways of introduction and dispersal and how they have changed over time’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_12.
Faulkner, K.T., Hurley, B.P., Robertson, M.P., Rouget, M. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2017, ‘The balance of trade in alien species between South Africa and the rest of Africa’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2157, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2157.
Faulkner, K.T., Robertson, M.P., Rouget, M. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2016, ‘Understanding and managing the introduction pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study’, Biological Invasions, 18, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0990-4.
Faulkner, K.T., Robertson, M.P. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2020b, ‘Stronger regional biosecurity is essential to prevent hundreds of harmful biological invasions’, Global Change Biology, 26, 2449–2462, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15006.
Fernández Winzer, L., Greve, M., le Roux, P., Faulkner, K. & Wilson, J., 2025, ‘Using indicators to assess the status of biological invasions and their management on islands: the Prince Edward Islands, South Africa as an example’, Biological Invasions, 27, a108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03463-7.
Fernández Winzer, L., Greve, M., Le Roux, P.C., Faulkner, K.T. & Wilson, J.R., 2023, ‘Chapter 5: The status of biological invasions and their management in the Prince Edward Islands’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds.), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, pp. 75–99, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Fill, J.M., Forsyth, G.G., Kritzinger-Klopper, S., Le Maitre, D.C. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2017, ‘An assessment of the effectiveness of a long-term ecosystem restoration project in a fynbos shrubland catchment in South Africa’, Journal of Environmental Management, 185, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.053.
Foxcroft, L.C. & McGeoch, M., 2011, ‘Implementing invasive species management in an adaptive management framework’, Koedoe, 53, https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1006.
Foxcroft, L.C., Van Wilgen, B.W., Abrahams, B., Esler, K.J. & Wannenburgh, A., 2020, ‘Knowing-doing continuum or knowing-doing gap? Information flow between researchers and managers of biological invasions in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_28.
García-de-Lomas, J. & Vilà, M., 2015, ‘Lists of harmful alien organisms: Are the national regulations adapted to the global world?’, Biological Invasions, 17, 3081–3091, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0939-7.
Glen, H.F., 2002, Cultivated plants of southern Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, South African National Biodiversity Institute and Jacana.
Graziosi, I., Tembo, M., Kuate, J. & Muchugi, A., 2020, ‘Pests and diseases of trees in Africa: A growing continental emergency’, Plants, People, Planet, 2, 14–28, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.31.
Greve, M., Mathakutha, R., Steyn, C. & Chown, S.L., 2017, ‘Terrestrial invasions on sub-Antarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2143, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2143.
Greve, M., Von der Meden, C.E.O. & Janion-Scheepers, C., 2020, ‘Biological invasions in South Africa’s offshore sub-Antarctic territories’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_8.
Henderson, L. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2017, ‘Changes in the composition and distribution of alien plants in South Africa: an update from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2142, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2172.
Herbert, D.G. & Sirgel, W.F., 2001, ‘The recent introduction of two potentially pestiferous alien snails into South Africa and the outcomes of different pest management practices: an eradication and a colonization’, South African Journal of Science, 97, 301–304, https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC97346.
Hill, M.P. & Coetzee, J., 2017, ‘The biological control of aquatic weeds in South Africa: current status and future challenges’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2152, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2152.
Hill, M.P., Moran, V.C., Hoffmann, J.H., Neser, S., Zimmermann, H.G., Simelane, D.O., Klein, H., Zachariades, C., Wood, A.R., Byrne, M.J., Paterson, I.D., Martin, G.D. & Coetzee, J.A., 2020, ‘More than a century of biological control against invasive alien plants in South Africa: a synoptic view of what has been accomplished’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_19.
Holmes, P.M., Esler, K.J., Gaertner, M., Geerts, S., Hall, S.A., Nsikani, M.M., Richardson, D.M. & Ruwanza, S., 2020, ‘Biological invasions and ecological restoration in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_23.
Hough, J.A. & Prozesky, H., 2012, ‘Beneficiaries’ aspirations to permanent employment within the South African Working for Water Programme’, Social Dynamics, 38, 331–349, https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2012.719395.
Hough, J.A. & Prozesky, H.E., 2013, ‘‘I don’t want to go back to the farm’: A case study of Working for Water beneficiaries’, South African Journal of Science, 109, 8, https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/1119.
Hulme, P.E., 2020, ‘One Biosecurity: a unified concept to integrate human, animal, plant, and environmental health’, Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 4, 539–549, https://doi.org/10.1042/etls20200067.
Hulme, P.E., 2021, ‘Unwelcome exchange: International trade as a direct and indirect driver of biological invasions worldwide’, One Earth, 4, 666–679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.015.
Hulme, P.E., 2022, ‘Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions’, Conservation Biology, 36, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13817.
Hulme, P.E., 2025, ‘Trouble on the horizon: anticipating biological invasions through futures thinking’, Biological Reviews, 100, 461–480, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13149.
Huntley, B.J., 1987, ‘10 years of cooperative ecological research in South Africa’, South African Journal of Science, 83, 72–79, https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA00382353_6163.
Impson, F.A.C., Kleinjan, C.A., Hoffmann, J.H. & Mudavanhu, P., 2021, ‘A review of research and developments with insect agents used for biological control of Australian Acacia species (Caesalpinioideae) in South Africa’, African Entomology, 29, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0693.
IPBES, 2018a, Information on scoping for a thematic assessment of invasive alien species and their control (deliverable 3 (b)(ii)). IPBES/2/16/Add.3, Antalya, Turkey.
IPBES, 2018b, IPBES Guide on the production of assessments, Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany.
IPBES, 2022, Methodological assessment of the diverse values and valuation of nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany, IPBES Secretariat, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522522.
IPBES, 2023a, ‘Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment report on invasive alien species and their control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services’, in H.E. Roy, A. Pauchard, P. Stoett, T. Renard Truong, S. Bacher, B.S. Galil, P.E. Hulme, T. Ikeda, K.V. Sankaran, M.A. McGeoch, L.A. Meyerson, M.A. Nuñez, A. Ordonez, S.J. Rahlao, E. Schwindt, H. Seebens, A.W. Sheppard & V. Vandvik, (eds), IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430692
IPBES, 2023b, ‘Thematic assessment report on invasive alien species and their control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services’, in H.E. Roy, A. Pauchard, P. Stoett & T. Renard Truong, (eds), IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430682.
Ivey, P., Van Staden, G., Harding, G., Oosthuizen, D., Hoft, E., Van Staden, P., Anthonissen, E., Weaver, K., Hill, M. & Shackleton, R., 2024, ‘Local and national stakeholders collaborate to take on Prosopis invasions with biological control and biomass use in South Africa’, South African Journal of Science, 120, 9/10, pp. 9, https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/17928.
Janion-Scheepers, C. & Griffiths, C.L., 2020, ‘Alien terrestrial invertebrates in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_7.
Jubase, N., Shackleton, R.T. & Measey, J., 2021, ‘Motivations and contributions of volunteer groups in the management of invasive alien plants in South Africa’s Western Cape province’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 51, https://doi.org/10.38201/btha.abc.v51.i2.3.
Kaplan, H., Wilson, J.R.U., Klein, H., Henderson, L., Zimmermann, H.G., Manyama, P., Ivey, P., Richardson, D.M. & Novoa, A., 2017, ‘A proposed national strategic framework for the management of Cactaceae in South Africa’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2149, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2149.
Klein, H., Zimmermann, H.G. & Xivuri, T., 2020, ‘Exceptional biological control of two varieties of Cylindropuntia fulgida (Cactaceae) in South Africa using a recently-identified different biotype of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius tomentosus (Dactylopiidae)’, Biological Control, 149, 104314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104314.
Kraaij, T., Baard, J.A., Arndt, J., Vhengani, L. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2018, ‘An assessment of climate, weather, and fuel factors influencing a large, destructive wildfire in the Knysna region, South Africa’, Fire Ecology, 14, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-018-0001-0.
Kraaij, T., Baard, J.A., Rikhotso, D.R., Cole, N.S. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2017, ‘Assessing the effectiveness of invasive alien plant management in a large fynbos protected area’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2105, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2105.
Kumschick, S., Foxcroft, L.C. & Wilson, J.R., 2020, ‘Analysing the risks posed by biological invasions to South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_20.
Langhammer, P.F., Bull, J.W., Bicknell, J.E., Oakley, J.L., Brown, M.H., Bruford, M.W., Butchart, S.H.M., Carr, J.A., Church, D., Cooney, R., Cutajar, S., Foden, W., Foster, M.W., Gascon, C., Geldmann, J., Genovesi, P., Hoffmann, M., Howard-McCombe, J., Lewis, T., MacFarlane, N.B.W., Melvin, Z.E., Merizalde, R.S., Morehouse, M.G., Pagad, S., Polidoro, B., Sechrest, W., Segelbacher, G., Smith, K.G., Steadman, J., Strongin, K., Williams, J., Woodley, S. & Brooks, T.M., 2024, ‘The positive impact of conservation action’, Science, 384, 453–458, https://doi.org/doi:10.1126/science.adj6598.
Latombe, G., Canavan, S., Hirsch, H., Hui, C., Kumschick, S., Nsikani, M.M., Potgieter, L., Robinson, T.B., Saul, W.-C., Turner, S.C., Wilson, J.R., Yannelli, F. & Richardson, D.M., 2019, ‘A four-component classification of uncertainties in biological invasions: implications for management’, Ecosphere, 10, e02669, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2669.
Le Maitre, D.C., Blignaut, J.N., Clulow, A., Dzikiti, S., Everson, C.S., Görgens, A.H.M. & Gush, M.B., 2020, ‘Impacts of invasions on terrestrial water resources in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_15.
Le Maitre, D.C., Forsyth, G.G., Dzikiti, S. & Gush, M.B., 2016, ‘Estimates of the impacts of invasive alien plants on water flows in South Africa’, Water SA, 42, 659–672, https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v42i4.17.
Le Maitre, D.C. & Gorgens, A., 2003, Impact of invasive alien species on dam yields, Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
Lukey, P. & Hall, J., 2020, ‘Biological invasion policy and legislation development and implementation in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_18.
MacFadyen, S., Allsopp, N., Altwegg, R., Archibald, S., Botha, J., Bradshaw, K., Carruthers, J., De Klerk, H., De Vos, A., Distiller, G., Foord, S., Freitag-Ronaldson, S., Gibbs, R., Hamer, M., Landi, P., MacFayden, D., Manuel, J., Midgley, G., Moncrieff, G., Munch, Z., Mutanga, O., Sershen, Nenguda, R., Ngwenya, M., Parker, D., Peel, M., Power, J., Pretorius, J., Ramdhani, S., Robertson, M., Rushworth, I., Skowno, A., Slingsby, J., Turner, A., Visser, V., Van Wageningen, G. & Hui, C., 2022, ‘Drowning in data, thirsty for information and starved for understanding: A biodiversity information hub for cooperative environmental monitoring in South Africa’, Biological Conservation, 274, 109736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109736.
Martin, G.D., Hill, M.P., Coetzee, J.A., Weaver, K.N. & Hill, J.M., 2018, ‘Synergies between research organisations and the wider community in enhancing weed biological control in South Africa’, Biocontrol, 63, 437–447, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9846-4.
Mazza, G., Tricarico, E., Genovesi, P. & Gherardi, F., 2014, ‘Biological invaders are threats to human health: an overview’, Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 26, 112–129, https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2013.863225.
McConnachie, A.J., De Wit, M.P., Hill, M.P. & Byrne, M.J., 2003, ‘Economic evaluation of the successful biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa’, Biological Control, 28, 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2.
McConnachie, M.M., Cowling, R.M., Van Wilgen, B.W. & McConnachie, D.A., 2012, ‘Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of invasive alien plant clearing: a case study from South Africa’, Biological Conservation, 155, 128–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.006.
McConnachie, M.M., Van Wilgen, B.W., Ferraro, P.J., Forsyth, A.T., Richardson, D.M., Gaertner, M. & Cowling, R.M., 2016, ‘Using counterfactuals to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of controlling biological invasions’, Ecological Applications, 26, 475–483, https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0351.1.
McCulloch-Jones, E.J., Cuthbert, R.N., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2024, ‘Estimating the monetary cost of biological invasions to South Africa’, Biological Invasions, 26, 3191–3203, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03369-4.
McElwee, P., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Babai, D., Bates, P., Galvin, K., Gueze, M., Liu, J., Molnar, Z., Ngo, H.T., Reyes-Garcia, V., Chowdhury, R.R., Samakov, A., Shrestha, U.B., Diaz, S. & Brondízio, E.S., 2020, ‘Working with Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in large-scale ecological assessments: Reviewing the experience of the IPBES Global Assessment’, Journal of Applied Ecology, 57, 1666–1676, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13705.
McGeoch, M.A., Genovesi, P., Bellingham, P.J., Costello, M.J., McGrannachan, C. & Sheppard, A., 2016, ‘Prioritizing species, pathways, and sites to achieve conservation targets for biological invasion’, Biological Invasions, 18, 299–314, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-1013-1.
Measey, J., Hui, C. & Somers, M., 2020, ‘Terrestrial vertebrate invasions in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_5.
Measey, J., Visser, V., Dgebuadze, Y., Inderjit, Li, B., Dechoum, M., Ziller, S.R. & Richardson, D.M., 2019, ‘The world needs BRICS countries to build capacity in invasion science’, PLOS Biology, 17, e3000404, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000404.
Mukwada, G., Chingombe, W. & Taru, P., 2016, ‘Strifes of the frontier: an assessment of Acacia mearnsii related park-community conflicts in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa’, Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 13, 37–54, https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2015.1130062.
Nelufule, T., Robertson, M.P., Wilson, J.R.U., Faulkner, K.T., Sole, C. & Kumschick, S., 2020, ‘The threats posed by the pet trade in alien terrestrial invertebrates in South Africa’, Journal for Nature Conservation, 55, 125831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125831.
Ngorima, A. & Shackleton, C.M., 2019, ‘Livelihood benefits and costs from an invasive alien tree (Acacia dealbata) to rural communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa’, Journal of Environmental Management, 229, 158–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.077.
Novoa, A., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Fried, J. & Vimercati, G., 2017, ‘Does public awareness increase support for invasive species management? Promising evidence across taxa and landscape types’, Biological Invasions, 19, 3691–3705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1592-0.
Novoa, A., Shackleton, R., Canavan, S., Cybèle, C., Davies, S.J., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Fried, J., Gaertner, M., Geerts, S., Griffiths, C.L., Kaplan, H., Kumschick, S., Le Maitre, D.C., Measey, G.J., Nunes, A.L., Richardson, D.M., Robinson, T.B., Touza, J. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2018, ‘A framework for engaging stakeholders on the management of alien species’, Journal of Environmental Management, 205, 286–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.059.
Nsikani, M.M., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Gaertner, M., 2018, ‘Barriers to ecosystem restoration presented by soil legacy effects of invasive alien N2-fixing woody species: implications for ecological restoration’, Restoration Ecology, 26, 235–244, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12669.
Ntshotsho, P., Forsyth, G., Le Maitre, D., Sitas, N. & Yapi, T., 2015, ‘Two decades of managing invasive alien plants: exploring Working for Water success stories’, CSIR Science Scope, 8, 100–101, https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC179976.
Nuñez, M.A., August, T., Bacher, S., Galil, B.S., Hulme, P.E., Ikeda, T., McGeoch, M.A., Ordonez, A., Rahlao, S., Truong, T.R., Pauchard, A., Roy, H.E., Sankaran, K.V., Schwindt, E., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A.W., Stoett, P., Vandvik, V. & Meyerson, L.A., 2024, ‘Including a diverse set of voices to address biological invasions’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 39, 409–412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.02.009.
O’Connor, T. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2020, ‘The impact of invasive alien plants on rangelands in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_16.
Ogden, N.H., Wilson, J.R.U., Richardson, D.M., Hui, C., Davies, S.J., Kumschick, S., Le Roux, J.J., Measey, J., Saul, W.-C. & Pulliam, J.R.C., 2019, ‘Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call for a One Health collaboration in science and management’, Royal Society Open Science, 6, 15 (181577), https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181577.
Paap, T., de Beer, Z.W., Migliorini, D., Nel, W.J. & Wingfield, M.J., 2018, ‘The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) and its fungal symbiont Fusarium euwallaceae: a new invasion in South Africa’, Australasian Plant Pathology, 47, 231–237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0545-0.
Paini, D.R., Sheppard, A.W., Cook, D.C., De Barro, P.J., Worner, S.P. & Thomas, M.B., 2016, ‘Global threat to agriculture from invasive species’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 7575–7579, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602205113.
Paterson, I.D., Klein, H., Muskett, P.C., Griffith, T.C., Mayonde, S., Mofokeng, K., Mnqeta, Z. & Venter, N., 2021, ‘Biological Control of Cactaceae in South Africa’, African Entomology, 29, 713–734, https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.0713.
Pinto, E.M., Vaz, A.S., Honrado, J.P., Roy, H.E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., Shackleton, R.T., Richardson, D.M. & Vicente, J.R., 2022, ‘Policy-oriented research in invasion science: trends, status, gaps, and lessons’, BioScience, 72, 1074–1087, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac079.
Potgieter, L.J., Cadotte, M.W., Roets, F. & Richardson, D.M., 2024, ‘Monitoring urban biological invasions using citizen science: the polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea fornicatus)’, Journal of Pest Science, 97, 2073–2085, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-024-01744-7.
Pyšek, P., Hulme, P.E., Simberloff, D., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Carlton, J.T., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Foxcroft, L.C., Genovesi, P., Jeschke, J.M., Kuhn, I., Pergl, J., Roy, H.E., Seebens, H., Van Kleunen, M., Vila, M., Wingfield, M.J. & Richardson, D.M., 2020, ‘Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species’, Biological Reviews, 95, 1511–1534, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12627.
Richardson, D.M., Boshoff, N., Davies, S.J. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2020a, ‘South Africa’s Centre for Invasion Biology: an experiment in invasion science for society’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_30.
Richardson, D.M., Foxcroft, L.C., Latombe, G., Le Maitre, D.C., Rouget, M. & Wilson, J.R., 2020b, ‘The biogeography of South African terrestrial plant invasions’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_3.
Riddin, T., Van Wyk, E. & Adams, J., 2016, ‘The rise and fall of an invasive estuarine grass‘, South African Journal of Botany, 107, 74–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.07.008.
Robinson, T.B., Peters, K. & Brooker, B., 2020, ‘Coastal invasions: the South African context’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_9.
Rouget, M., Robertson, M.P., Wilson, J.R.U., Hui, C., Essl, F., Rentería, J.L. & Richardson, D.M., 2016, ‘Invasion debt – quantifying future biological invasions’, Diversity and Distributions, 22, 445–456, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12408.
Roy, H.E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P.J., Renard Truong, T., Meyerson, L.A., Bacher, S., ..., Ziller, S.R., 2024, ‘Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable’, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 1216–1223, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02412-w.
Ruwanza, S. & Thondhlana, G., 2022, ‘People’s perceptions and uses of invasive plant Psidium guajava in Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo Province of South Africa’, Ecosystems and People, 18, 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2021.2019834.
Sadan, M., 2005, ‘Gendered analysis of the Working for Water Programme: A case study of the Tsitsikamma Working for Water Project.‘, IDASA Occasional Paper, 25 pp.
Schwindt, E., August, T.A., Vanderhoeven, S., McGeoch, M.A., Bacher, S., Galil, B.S., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Ikeda, T., Lenzner, B., Nuñez, M.A., Ordonez, A., Pauchard, A., Rahlao, S.J., Renard Truong, T., Roy, H.E., Sankaran, K.V., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A.W., Stoett, P., Vandvik, V., WIlson, J.R.U. & Meyerson, L.A., 2024, ‘Overwhelming evidence galvanizes a global consensus on the need for action against Invasive Alien Species’, Biological Invasions, 26, 621–626, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03209-x.
Seebens, H., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Capinha, C., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Van Kleunen, M., Kuhn, I., Jeschke, J.M., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A.M., Pattison, Z., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Winter, M. & Essl, F., 2021, ‘Projecting the continental accumulation of alien species through to 2050’, Global Change Biology, 27, 970–982, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15333.
Seebens, H., Niamir, A., Essl, F., Garnett, S.T., Kumagai, J.A., Molnár, Z., Saeedi, H. & Meyerson, L.A., 2024, ‘Biological invasions on Indigenous peoples’ lands’, Nature Sustainability, 7, 737–746, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01361-3.
Shackleton, C.M., McGarry, D., Fourie, S., Gambiza, J., Shackleton, S.E. & Fabricius, C., 2007, ‘Assessing the effects of invasive alien species on rural livelihoods: case examples and a framework from South Africa’, Human Ecology, 35, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0.
Shackleton, R.T., Le Maitre, D.C., Pasiecznik, N.M. & Richardson, D.M., 2014, ‘Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world’s worst woody invasive plant taxa’, AoB Plants, 6, plu027, https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu027.
Shackleton, R.T., Le Maitre, D.C. & Richardson, D.M., 2015a, ‘Stakeholder perceptions and practices regarding Prosopis (mesquite) invasions and management in South Africa’, Ambio, 44, 569–581, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0597-5.
Shackleton, R.T., Le Maitre, D.C., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, D.M., 2015b, ‘Use of non-timber forest products from invasive alien Prosopis species (mesquite) and native trees in South Africa: implications for management’, Forest Ecosystems, 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0040-9.
Shackleton, R.T., Novoa, A., Shackleton, C.M. & Kull, C.A., 2020, ‘The social dimensions of biological invasions in South Africa ‘, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24.
Shackleton, S., Kirby, D. & Gambiza, J., 2011, ‘Invasive plants – friends or foes? Contribution of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) to livelihoods in Makana Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa’, Development Southern Africa, 28, 177–193, https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.570065.
Shivambu, N., Shivambu, T.C. & Downs, C.T., 2022, ‘Survey of non-native small mammals traded in South Africa’, African Journal of Ecology, 60, 456–466, https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12999.
Sileshi, G.W., Gebeyehu, S. & Mafongoya, P.L., 2019, ‘The threat of alien invasive insect and mite species to food security in Africa and the need for a continent-wide response’, Food Security, 11, 763–775, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00930-1.
Skowno, A., Poole, C., Raimondo, D., Sink, K., Van Deventer, H., Van Niekerk, L., Harris, L.R., SmithAdao, L.B., Tolley, K.A., Zengeya, T.A., Foden, W.B., Midgley, G.F. & Driver, A., 2019, ‘National Biodiversity Assessment 2018: The status of South Africa’s ecosystems and biodiversity. Synthesis Report’, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, an entity of the Department of Environmental Affairs.
Stafford, L., Shemie, D., Kroeger, T., Baker, T., Apse, C., Turpie, J. & Forsythe, K., 2019, ‘The Greater Cape Town Water Fund: assessing the return on investment for ecological infrastructure restoration’, The Nature Conservancy, Cape Town, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23814.11844.
Van der Colff, D., Kumschick, S., Foden, W., Raimondo, D., Botella, C., Von Staden, L. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2023, ‘Drivers, predictors, and probabilities of plant extinctions in South Africa’, Biodiversity and Conservation, 32, 4313–4336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02696-7.
Van Helden, L., Van Helden, P.D. & Meiring, C., 2020, ‘Pathogens of vertebrate animals as invasive species: insights from South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_10.
Van Koppen, B., Schreiner, B. & Karar, E., 2011, ‘Mainstreaming gender in water management in South Africa’, in B. Schreiner & R. Hassan (eds), Transforming Water Management in South Africa: Designing and Implementing a New Policy Framework. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7_10.
Van Wilgen, B.W. & De Lange, W.J., 2011, ‘The costs and benefits of biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa’, African Entomology, 19, 504–514, https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0228.
Van Wilgen, N.J., Faulkner, K.T., Robinson, T.B., South, J., Beckett, H., Janion-Scheepers, C., Measey, J., Midgley, G.F. & Richardson, D.M., 2023b, `Climate change and biological invasions in South Africa', in L. Ziska, (ed.), Invasive species and global climate change, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800621459.0000.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Faulkner, K.T., Wilson, J.R. & Theart, M., 2023a, ‘Chapter 4: Interventions’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, pp. 47–73, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Le Maitre, D.C. & Cowling, R.M., 1998, ‘Ecosystem services, efficiency, sustainability and equity: South Africa’s Working for Water programme’, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 378, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01434-7.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Measey, G.J., Richardson, D.M., Wilson, J.R. & Zengeya, T. (eds), 2020a, Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Measey, J., Richardson, D.M., Wilson, J.R. & Zengeya, T.A., 2020b, ‘Biological invasions in South Africa: an overview’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_1.
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, D.M., 2012, ‘Three centuries of managing introduced conifers in South Africa: benefits, impacts, changing perceptions and conflict resolution’, Journal of Environmental Management, 106, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.052.
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Wannenburgh, A., 2016, ‘Co-facilitating invasive species control, water conservation and poverty relief: achievements and challenges in South Africa’s Working for Water programme’, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 19, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.08.012.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Wannenburgh, A. & Wilson, J.R.U., 2022a, ‘A review of two decades of government support for managing alien plant invasions in South Africa’, Biological Conservation, 274, 109741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109741.
Van Wilgen, B.W. & Wilson, J.R. (eds) 2018. The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2017: South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Wilson, J.R., Wannenburgh, A. & Foxcroft, L.C., 2020c, ‘The extent and effectiveness of alien plant control projects in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_21.
Van Wilgen, B.W., Zengeya, T.A. & Richardson, D.M., 2022b, ‘A review of the impacts of biological invasions in South Africa’, Biological Invasions, 24, 27–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02623-3.
Van Wilgen, N.J. & Herbst, M. (eds) 2017. Taking stock of parks in a changing world: the SANParks global environmental change assessment 2016, SANParks, Cape Town.
Vezi, M.S., Downs, C.T. & Zengeya, T.A., 2024, ‘Ornamental fish in the South African pet shop trade: potential risk to natural aquatic ecosystems’, Biological Invasions, 26, 3031–3047, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03349-8.
Visser, V., Wilson, J.R.U., Canavan, K., Canavan, S., Fish, L., Maitre, D.L., Nänni, I., Mashau, C., O'Connor, T., Ivey, P., Kumschick, S. & Richardson, D.M., 2017, ‘Grasses as invasive plants in South Africa revisited: patterns, pathways and management’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2169, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2169.
Weaver, K.N., Hill, M.P., Byrne, M.J. & Ivey, P., 2021, ‘Efforts towards engaging communities to promote the benefits of biological control research and implementation in South Africa’, African Entomology, 29, 1045–1059, https://doi.org/10.4001/003.029.1045.
Weyl, O.L.F., Ellender, B.R., Wassermann, R.J., Truter, M., Dalu, T., Zengeya, T.A. & Smit, N.J., 2020, ‘Alien freshwater fauna in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_6.
Weyl, O.L.F., Finlayson, B., Impson, N.D., Woodford, D.J. & Steinkjer, J., 2014, ‘Threatened endemic fishes in South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region: a new beginning for the Rondegat River’, Fisheries, 39, 270–279, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2014.914924.
Wilkinson, M.D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I.J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L.B., Bourne, P.E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A.J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C.T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A.J.G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J.S., Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P.A.C., Hooft, R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J., Lusher, S.J., Martone, M.E., Mons, A., Packer, A.L., Persson, B., Rocca-Serra, P. Roos, M., Van Schaik, R., Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E., Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz, M.A., Thompson, M., Van der Lei, J., Van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J., Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P., Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J. & Mons, B., 2016, ‘Comment: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship’, Scientific Data, 3, 9, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
Wilson, J.R., 2024, ‘A list of taxa currently and historically regulated under South Africa’s National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, Alien & Invasive Species Regulations’, v1.0 (20240331) edn., https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10809766.
Wilson, J.R., Faulkner, K.T., Fernández Winzer, L., McCulloch-Jones, E.J., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Zengeya, T.A., 2023, ‘Chapter 6: Gaps’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, pp. 101–111, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Wilson, J.R., Foxcroft, L.C., Geerts, S., Hoffman, T.M., MacFadyen, S., Measey, J., Mills, A., Richardson, D.M., Robertson, M.P. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2020, ‘The role of environmental factors in promoting and limiting biological invasions in South Africa’, in B.W. van Wilgen, J. Measey, D.M. Richardson, J.R. Wilson & T.A. Zengeya (eds.), Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_13.
Wilson, J.R.U., Faulkner, K.T., Rahlao, S.J., Richardson, D.M., Zengeya, T.A. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2018, ‘Indicators for monitoring biological invasions at a national level’, Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 2612–2620, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13251.
Wilson, J.R.U., Gaertner, M., Richardson, D.M. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2017, ‘Contributions to the National Status Report on Biological Invasions in South Africa’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2207, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2207.
Wilson, J.R.U., Ivey, P., Manyama, P. & Nänni, I., 2013, ‘A new national unit for invasive species detection, assessment and eradication planning’, South African Journal of Science, 109, Art. #0111, https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/20120111.
Wilson, J.R.U. & Kumschick, S., 2024, ‘The regulation of alien species in South Africa’, South African Journal of Science, 120, https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/17002.
Wise, R.M., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Le Maitre, D.C., 2012, ‘Costs, benefits and management options for an invasive alien tree species: The case of mesquite in the Northern Cape, South Africa’, Journal of Arid Environments, 84, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.03.001.
Wondafrash, M., Wingfield, M.J., Wilson, J.R.U., Hurley, B.P., Slippers, B. & Paap, T., 2021, ‘Botanical gardens as key resources and hazards for biosecurity’, Biodiversity and Conservation, 30, 1929–1946, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02180-0.
WTO. 1998. Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, World Trade Organization, viewed 4 July 2024, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm.
Yapi, T.S., O’Farrell, P.J., Dziba, L.E. & Esler, K.J., 2018, ‘Alien tree invasion into a South African montane grassland ecosystem: impact of Acacia species on rangeland condition and livestock carrying capacity’, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 14, 105–116, https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2018.1450291.
Yessoufou, K., Ambani, A.E., Elansary, H.O., El-Sabrout, A.M. & Shokralla, S., 2022, ‘Time, mediated through plant versatility, is a better predictor of medicinal status of alien plants’, Diversity 14, 286, https://doi.org/10.3390/d14040286.
Yessoufou, K., Ambani, A.E., Elansary, H.O. & Gaoue, O.G., 2021, ‘Alien woody plants are more versatile than native, but both share similar therapeutic redundancy in South Africa’, PLOS ONE, 16, e0260390, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260390.
Zengeya, T., Ivey, P., Woodford, D.J., Weyl, O., Novoa, A., Shackleton, R., Richardson, D. & Van Wilgen, B., 2017, ‘Managing conflict-generating invasive species in South Africa: Challenges and trade-offs’, Bothalia – African Biodiversity & Conservation, 47, a2160, https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2160.
Zengeya, T., McCulloch-Jones, E.J. & Van Wilgen, B.W., 2023a, ‘Chapter 3: Sites’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, pp. 37–45, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Zengeya, T.A., Faulkner, K.T., Fernández Winzer, L., Kumschick, S., Miza, S., McCulloch-Jones, E.J. & Wilson, J.R., 2023b, ‘Chapter 2: Species’, in T.A. Zengeya & J.R. Wilson (eds), The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, pp. 27–35, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.
Zengeya, T.A. & Wilson, J.R. (eds) 2020. The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2019, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3947613.
Zengeya, T.A. & Wilson, J.R. (eds) 2023. The status of biological invasions and their management in South Africa in 2022, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch and DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217182.